In the concert of nations, while most states organize elections — whether they are considered transparent or contested — one country stands out for its total absence of an electoral process at the national level since its independence.

Welcome to Eritrea, often called the "North Korea of Africa".

Isaias Afwerki: the sole face of power

Since Eritrea gained its independence from Ethiopia in 1993, only one man has held the reins of the country: Isaias Afwerki. A hero of the war of independence, he became the first and only president of this Horn of Africa state.

Although the 1997 Constitution initially provided for elections and a multi-party system, it was never implemented. As a result, thirty years later, the political landscape remains frozen.

Why are there no elections?

The government regularly justifies the lack of elections by citing national security imperatives. Persistent tensions with neighboring Ethiopia (particularly during the 1998-2000 border war and the recent conflicts in Tigray) serve as a pretext for maintaining the permanent state of emergency.

A country under total control

The lack of elections is just the tip of the iceberg. The Eritrean political system is characterized by: Indefinite National Service: This is undoubtedly the most controversial aspect. Citizens can be mobilized in the army or public works for decades, without any prospect of demobilization.

The absence of an independent press

Since 2001, all private media outlets have been banned. The country consistently ranks at the bottom of Reporters Without Borders' rankings.

Diplomatic isolation: Although there have been recent rapprochements with some neighbors, Eritrea remains one of the most closed countries in the world.

What future for Eritrea?

At over 75 years old, Isaias Afwerki appears to be making no preparations for a transition. This stagnation drives thousands of young Eritreans each year to flee the country, despite the risks, to escape lifelong military service and the lack of civil liberties.

Did you know that?

Eritrea is one of the few countries in the world without a functioning parliament or a transparent public budget. All decision-making power is concentrated in the presidency.